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Company valuation
Company valuation methods are what we do to calculate how much a company is worth in the real world, by looking at the accounts, seeing what the market looks like and crunching the numbers with economics.
These techniques are used to know where you want to go if you want to sell, invest or simply play your cards right on the business board.
Emerging damage
When things go sour because someone doesn't keep their side of the bargain or messes up unintentionally (or unwillingly), and you find that your wallet suffers the consequences, that's what we call "damages". It is the money that is asked for or given to cover the hole left by the other party, a kind of compensation so that, at least financially, you are as good as you were before things went wrong.
Indemnification
When someone knowingly screws up or screws up badly, and causes a financial wreck, compensation is the way of saying "I'll fix your mess". It is like an "I'm sorry" in notes or settlements that tries to make things as good as they were before the mess, ensuring that the loser gets back what is theirs, or at least something to make up for it.
Fraud
Fraud is an intentional trap to gain financial or personal advantage, giving
a pig in a poke.
There are different types of fraud:
The one who manages to evade the law, the one who juggles with the numbers in the accounting books, the one who tries to play hide-and-seek with the tax authorities and the one who pulls the wool over your eyes in business dealings.
Profit in the Balance of Payments
When someone screws up or decides to be too smart, and that mess ends up cutting you off from making money as you had planned, that's called loss of profit. It's like when you can't make the profit you almost had in your pocket, because a third party has decided that your plans to make money weren't that important.
Unfair competition
This is like when someone plays dirty in the market, cheating and shady moves to get the upper hand and leave others hanging. In other words, these are the people who, in order to win, don't hesitate to trip people up and elbow them out of the way, bypassing the rules of the ethical game.
Objective Causes in EREs
It's that regulated move that companies have to follow when it's time to make staff cuts that go beyond a couple of redundancies. It is not a "see you later Lucas", but rather there must be compelling reasons, either because things are looking bad in the accounts or because there is a major change in the course of the business. And of course, everything has to be in line with what the country's labour laws say, because everyone has their own way of doing things.
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